When someone says Japan, “castle” isn’t usually the first thing that comes to mind. But Japan is actually home to a number of fortified castles, primarily designed and built during the 16th century. Similar to European castles, Japan’s shiros were built to protect major ports and cities. Japanese castles ingeniously integrated the natural landscape into their construction, often earning them the designation of mountain castles or yamajiro. Predominantly constructed from wood and stone, they present a distinct contrast to the predominantly stone-built castles of Europe.

While more than five thousand castles were believed to have been built across Japan during the peak of the Edo period, a historically rich era from 1603 to 1868 known for internal peace, political stability, and economic growth, the country now boasts over 100 castles in various states of preservation. Of these, only twelve retain their original structures and have been designated as national treasures.

Visiting these enduring castles offers a window into Japan’s historical landscape, while also allowing visitors to bask in their architectural beauty. If you find yourself in Japan, making time to explore at least a few of these historical marvels will give you a glimpse into the country’s rich heritage.

Kumamoto Castle

Celebrated as one of Japan‘s largest and most picturesque fortresses, Kumamoto Castle stands prominently in Kumamoto City on the island of Kyushu. Constructed in 1607, at the dawn of the Edo period, this castle is a blend of historical authenticity and meticulous reconstructions. Despite the castle suffering damage during earthquakes, its restoration efforts have preserved the essence of its original design, championed by the esteemed lord Kato Kyomasa. Kyomasa was renowned not just for his military prowess but also for his architectural acumen, creating structures celebrated for both their aesthetic appeal and strategic ingenuity.

Today, Kumamoto Castle invites visitors to wander its expansive grounds, offering intimate views of its enduring beauty and architectural might. The castle grounds are especially enchanting during March and April when about 800 cherry trees burst into bloom, enveloping the castle in a soft, pink hue. Additionally, those visiting around New Year’s have the opportunity to experience the traditional Lion Dance, a festive performance that adds to the castle’s cultural allure.

Himeji Castle

If there’s one castle to visit in Japan, it’s the Himeji Castle. Known as the “White Heron Castle,” Himeji Castle might just be Japan’s most spectacular one.  Located in Himeji City on Japan’s Honshu Island, Himeji Castle is approximately 55 kilometers west of Kobe and around 75 kilometers west of Osaka, making it easily accessible by train from these major cities.

Remarkable in size and design, Himeji is older than most of the other surviving Japanese castles — some of its first fortifications were built in the 1400s. The castle complex has also remained largely untouched by fires, attacks, or earthquakes. Due to the delicate nature of these castles, having been constructed largely out of wood, such a feat is impressive.

Himeji is broken up into various paid and free sections. But if you truly want to experience the magnitude of the castle’s many corridors and labyrinths, it’s worth the price of admission to the paid portion. Though visiting Himeji during the height of the cherry blossom season would yield spectacular sights, these periods create excessively long waiting times. Considering the beauty of the castle alone, it might be worthwhile checking it out before or after the March to April window.

Hirosaki Castle

The Hirosaki Castle is a small complex consisting of a five-story keep and a three-story tower that was built by Tsugaru Clan in 1611. The complex also features moats, gates, and a giant surrounding park for visitors to explore. Hirosaki Castle is situated in Hirosaki Park, in the city of Hirosaki, Aomori Prefecture, on the northern part of Honshu Island, Japan. Following a reconstruction period, the castle was actually moved about 250 feet to fix the foundation and some fortifications. It was moved back to its original position in April 2016.

Because of the castle’s relatively diminutive size, the best part about Hirosaki is its surrounding park and moat which visitors can take rowboats and paddle boats on. The cherry blossom period for Hirosaki is a bit later than the other castles, and happens during late April and early May. During this time, the moats surrounding the castle become coated in a layer of petals. And taking boat rides through the pink waters is like nothing else in the world.

Inuyama Castle

The boldness and austere nobility of the early lords who built and designed castles has been retained in Inuyama. Inuyama Castle is located in the city of Inuyama, Aichi Prefecture, on the border of the Nagoya metropolitan area, in the central region of Honshu Island, Japan. Because of its perfectly preserved interior, which has the traditional paneling and walls of earlier castle designing periods, Inuyama is another of the five castles to be named a national treasure. Inuyama is also the oldest castle in Japan, and was constructed in 1537 by Oda Nobuyasu who was the uncle of a famous samurai Oda Nobuhide.

Unlike the castles that were built later during Edo period, the Inuyama castle was built during the earlier Momoyama period. The Inuyama design therefore was ground-breaking for its time, and would come to inspire later designers. The castle also offers a spectacular view of the city below, as well as a remarkable collection of samurai documents, armor, and paintings.

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Matsumoto Castle

Matsumoto Castle, also known as the Crow Castle due to its striking black exterior and roof that resemble open wings, is a reflection of Japan’s complex, well-preserved, and historically significant architecture. The castle’s defensive features are ingeniously integrated into its design, including floor openings for dropping rocks on attackers, strategically placed windows for archers, and several spots dedicated to moon viewing, enhancing its mystique and functionality. Surrounded by fields of cherry blossoms, Matsumoto Castle offers breathtaking views of the city and the majestic peaks of the Japanese Alps.

Located in the city of Matsumoto, in Nagano Prefecture, this architectural marvel is situated on Japan’s main island, Honshu, offering easy access for visitors traveling from major cities. The castle’s proximity to Tokyo, just a few hours by train, makes it a convenient destination for both domestic and international tourists. Built in 1504 by Shimadachi Sadanaga, Matsumoto Castle is celebrated for its exquisite stonework and preserved original woodwork, earning it recognition as a National Treasure of Japan. The best time to visit is in spring, when the mild weather complements the stunning bloom of cherry blossoms, creating a picturesque scene that captivates all who wander through its historic gates.

FAQs:

Q: What is the best season to visit these castles?
A: The ideal time to visit is during the cherry blossom season, which generally falls between late March and early April, depending on the location. Autumn, from September to November, is also beautiful, offering cooler weather and colorful foliage.

Q: Are there entrance fees for these castles?
A: Yes, most castles charge an entrance fee, typically ranging from 300 to 1,000 yen (approximately $2 to $7 USD). Some areas within castle grounds may be accessible for free, but main keeps or special exhibitions usually require a ticket.

Q: Can I take photographs inside the castles?
A: Photography rules vary by castle. In general, exterior shots are allowed, but photography inside the keeps may be restricted or prohibited, especially of specific artifacts or exhibits.

Q: Is English information available at these castles?
A: Many castles offer English information through brochures, signs, or audio guides. The level of detail and availability can vary, so checking the castle’s official website ahead of your visit is advisable.

Q: How accessible are these castles for visitors with mobility issues?
A: Accessibility varies significantly. While some castles have elevators or ramps, others, due to their historical nature, may have steep stairs or areas that are not wheelchair accessible. It’s best to check in advance on the castle’s official website.

Q: What should I wear when visiting these castles?
A: Comfortable walking shoes are a must, as you’ll likely be doing a lot of walking, sometimes on uneven surfaces. Dress in layers, as temperatures can vary, especially if you’re climbing to higher levels of a castle for views.

Q: Are guided tours available at these castles?
A: Many castles offer guided tours, sometimes even in English. These tours can provide deeper insights into the history and architecture of the castles. Availability and languages offered can vary, so it’s recommended to check the castle’s official website for the most up-to-date information.

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